In 1943, after the end of World War II, the United States and the United Kingdom signed an agreement to continue sharing intelligence contributions with each other. The agreement was known as the British-U.S. Communication Agreement (BRUSA), which was later renamed the United Kingdom-United States of America Agreement (UKUSA). Details of the NSA`s consent to the transfer of Americans` personal data This agreement was formalized in 1946 under the name “UKUSA Agreement”. The Five Eyes (FVEY) is the result of the UKUSA agreement. According to the news magazine L`Obs, the United States proposed to France in 2009 to join the Five Eyes, which would then have become the “Six Eyes”. However, Nicolas Sarkozy has asked to be granted the same status as the other allies, including the signing of a “non-espionage agreement”. This request was approved by the director of the NSA, but not by the director of the CIA and, for that matter, not by President Barack Obama, which led to a rejection of France. [81] Although the Five Eyes are a very specific agreement with specific operations between the five nations, other non-FVEY sharing agreements have been concluded independently and for specific purposes. For example, according to Edward Snowden, the NSA has a “massive body” called the Directorate of Foreign Affairs, which is responsible for partnerships with foreign countries. [80] According to a document leaked by Edward Snowden, there is another working agreement between 14 countries officially known as SIGINT Seniors Europe or “SSEUR”. [91] These “14 Eyes” are made up of the same members of Nine Eyes as well as Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain and Sweden.
[78] [79] The Agreement between the United Kingdom and the United States of America (UKUSA, /juːkuːˈsɑː/ yoo-koo-SAH)[Note 1] is a multilateral agreement on cooperation in signals intelligence between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Intelligence Operations Alliance is also known as the Five Eyes. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] In classification labels, this is abbreviated to FVEY, with different countries abbreviated to AUS, CAN, NZL, GBR or USA. [8] The treaty was extended to Canada (1948), Australia (1956) and New Zealand (1956). In 1955, the agreement was updated to designate Canada, Australia and New Zealand as “Commonwealth countries collaborating with UKUSA”. [21] The other countries that joined as a “third party” were Norway (1952), Denmark (1954) and West Germany (1955). The Five Eyes was founded primarily to counter global threats mainly from the Soviet Union, China and several other Eastern European countries. In the following years, Canada, Australia and New Zealand were added and the agreement is known as the Five Eyes Alliance. Canada became part of Five Eyes in 1948, while Australia and New Zealand became part of it in 1956. After Murphy`s raids in 1973 at the headquarters of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam revealed the existence of the UKUSA agreement. After learning of the deal, Whitlam discovered that Pine Gap, a secret surveillance station near Alice Springs, Australia, had been operated by the U.S.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). [22] [23] [24] [25] Am 11. In September 2013, The Guardian published a leaked document by Edward Snowden revealing a similar agreement between the NSA and Israeli Unit 8200. [36] However, the existence of the UKUSA agreement was not publicly announced until 2005. [13] The content of the agreement was officially made available to the public on June 25, 2010. Four days later, the deal was described by Time Magazine as one of the “most important documents in the history of the Cold War.” [13] The Five Eyes (FVEY) is an intelligence alliance composed of Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and the United States. These countries are parties to the UKUSA Agreement – a multilateral agreement on cooperation in signals intelligence. Recently, the foreign ministers of these countries called on China to reinstate disqualified elected lawmakers in Hong Kong in order to silence critics.
Under the agreement, GCHQ and the NSA exchanged intelligence information about the Soviet Union, the People`s Republic of China, and several Eastern European countries (known as exotics). [19] The network was extended to the Echelon collection and analysis network in the 1960s. [20] Resulting from an informal agreement linked to the Atlantic Charter of 1941, the secret treaty was renewed with the adoption of the BRUSA Agreement of 1943 before its official entry into force on March 5, 1946 by the United Kingdom and the United States. In the following years, it was extended to Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Other countries known as “third parties”, such as West Germany, the Philippines and several Nordic countries, have also joined the UKUSA community in associated functions, although they are not part of the automatic exchange of information mechanism that exists between the Five Eyes. [9] [10] Fourteen Eyes: This is an agreement between the Nine Eyes countries and five other nations – Italy, Spain, Belgium, Germany and Sweden. The agreement grew out of a ten-page US-British communications intelligence agreement from 1943, which, at the beginning of the Cold War, connected the signal interception networks of the British Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and the US National Security Agency (NSA). The document was signed on March 5, 1946 by Colonel Patrick Marr-Johnson for the British London Signals Intelligence Board and Lieutenant General Hoyt Vandenberg for the U.S. State-Army-Navy Communication Intelligence Board.
Although the original agreement states that the exchange would not be “detrimental to national interests,” the United States has often blocked the exchange of information from Commonwealth countries. The full text of the agreement was adopted on 25 September. It was opened to the public in June 2010. [9] In the 1950s, several Nordic countries joined the Community as “third parties”. Denmark (1954) and West Germany (1955) quickly followed. [9] [10] [41] Norway in 1952, Denmark in 1954 and West Germany in 1955 joined the Five Eyes network in third place. The alliance was the subject of controversy in 2013 when Edward Snowden, an employee of the National Security Agency (NSA), released some of its secret documents, revealing that the Five Eyes is a “supranational intelligence organization” that is not responsible for the laws of member countries. The Five Eyes Network (FVEY) is an intelligence alliance between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. According to a former NSA contractor, Edward Snowden, the Five Eyes are a “supranational intelligence organization” and are not accountable to the laws of their countries.
In 1948, the treaty was extended to Canada, followed by Norway (1952), Denmark (1954), West Germany (1955), Australia (1956) and New Zealand (1956). [14] These countries participated in the Alliance as a “third party”. In 1955, the official status of the other Five Eyes countries was officially recognized in a more recent version of the UKUSA agreement which included the following statement: Coronavirus pandemic: What is Five Eyes Network and what is its record made of? Revelations from Edward Snowden`s global surveillance showed that intelligence-sharing activities among First Cold War allies are rapidly shifting to the digital realm of the Internet. [16] [17] [18] During the Cold War, the Five Eyes Alliance developed the ECHELON surveillance system initially to monitor communications from the former Soviet Union, the People`s Republic of China and the Eastern bloc. Today, this system is used worldwide to monitor private communications. Take a look at the details specific to each country in the Five Eyes alliance, including when they joined the alliance and which nations are being monitored by them: In the United States, members of Congress have warned that the ECHELON system could be used to monitor U.S. citizens. [41] On May 14, 2001, the U.S. government cancelled all meetings with the Temporary Committee on ECHELON. [42] Three months later, the Temporary Committee on ECHELON was set up by the European Parliament to examine the ECHELON surveillance network.
However, according to a number of European politicians such as Esko Seppänen of Finland, these investigations have been hampered by the European Commission. [40] In addition to Southeast Asia, New Zealand is responsible for the Western Pacific[3] and maintains listening posts on the South Island in the Waihopai Valley southwest of Blenheim and on the North Island near Tangimoana. .